Germination and Root Nodule Formation of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in Ridomil and Chlorpyriphos Treated Soil

Ibiang Young Bassey; Ekanem Bassey Effiong; Usanga Daniel Archibong; Williams Uduak Ita

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajep.20150401.12

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Germination and Root Nodule Formation of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in Ridomil and Chlorpyriphos Treated Soil

Ibiang Young Bassey, Ekanem Bassey Effiong, Usanga Daniel Archibong, Williams Uduak Ita

Published in American Journal of Environmental Protection (Volume 4, Issue 1)

Received: 19 December 2014 Accepted: 27 December 2014 Published: 14 January 2015

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Abstract

Germination and root nodule formation of soybean (Glycine max) was evaluated in soil treated with Ridomil (R), Chlorpyriphos (CH), and a Combination of both (COM); using a completely randomized design, and a 3×3 factorial arrangement. Factor 1 was the pesticide type with 3 levels - R, CH, and COM; while factor 2 was the contamination rate (v/wt) with 3 levels - 0% (control), 2%, and 4%. Aqueous pesticides preparations (as recommended by manufacturers) were applied once, before seeds were planted. More than Ridomil and Combination, significantly (P<0.05) diminished percentage germination due to Chlorpyriphos was observed at 2, 3, and 4 weeks post application. The control had significantly higher germination than 2% and 4% groups, up until the 5th week. The Chlorpyriphos and pesticide Combination groups both had significantly lower root nodule number/plant, than Ridomil. Root nodule number/plant, and nodule biomass/plant were significantly reduced due to pesticide stress at 2% and 4%. Pesticides application at 2% and 4% negatively affected germination and root nodule formation; but there was no indication of an enhanced effect due to pesticides combination.

Published in	American Journal of Environmental Protection (Volume 4, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajep.20150401.12
Page(s)	17-22
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2015. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Chlorpyriphos, Ridomil, Pesticide Interaction, Toxicity, Germination, Root Nodule, Soybean

References

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APA Style

Ibiang Young Bassey, Ekanem Bassey Effiong, Usanga Daniel Archibong, Williams Uduak Ita. (2015). Germination and Root Nodule Formation of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in Ridomil and Chlorpyriphos Treated Soil. American Journal of Environmental Protection, 4(1), 17-22. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20150401.12

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ACS Style

Ibiang Young Bassey; Ekanem Bassey Effiong; Usanga Daniel Archibong; Williams Uduak Ita. Germination and Root Nodule Formation of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in Ridomil and Chlorpyriphos Treated Soil. Am. J. Environ. Prot. 2015, 4(1), 17-22. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20150401.12

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AMA Style

Ibiang Young Bassey, Ekanem Bassey Effiong, Usanga Daniel Archibong, Williams Uduak Ita. Germination and Root Nodule Formation of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in Ridomil and Chlorpyriphos Treated Soil. Am J Environ Prot. 2015;4(1):17-22. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20150401.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ajep.20150401.12,
  author = {Ibiang Young Bassey and Ekanem Bassey Effiong and Usanga Daniel Archibong and Williams Uduak Ita},
  title = {Germination and Root Nodule Formation of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in Ridomil and Chlorpyriphos Treated Soil},
  journal = {American Journal of Environmental Protection},
  volume = {4},
  number = {1},
  pages = {17-22},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajep.20150401.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20150401.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajep.20150401.12},
  abstract = {Germination and root nodule formation of soybean (Glycine max) was evaluated in soil treated with Ridomil (R), Chlorpyriphos (CH), and a Combination of both (COM); using a completely randomized design, and a 3×3 factorial arrangement. Factor 1 was the pesticide type with 3 levels - R, CH, and COM; while factor 2 was the contamination rate (v/wt) with 3 levels - 0% (control), 2%, and 4%. Aqueous pesticides preparations (as recommended by manufacturers) were applied once, before seeds were planted. More than Ridomil and Combination, significantly (P<0.05) diminished percentage germination due to Chlorpyriphos was observed at 2, 3, and 4 weeks post application. The control had significantly higher germination than 2% and 4% groups, up until the 5th week. The Chlorpyriphos and pesticide Combination groups both had significantly lower root nodule number/plant, than Ridomil. Root nodule number/plant, and nodule biomass/plant were significantly reduced due to pesticide stress at 2% and 4%.  Pesticides application at 2% and 4% negatively affected germination and root nodule formation; but there was no indication of an enhanced effect due to pesticides combination.},
 year = {2015}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Germination and Root Nodule Formation of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in Ridomil and Chlorpyriphos Treated Soil
AU  - Ibiang Young Bassey
AU  - Ekanem Bassey Effiong
AU  - Usanga Daniel Archibong
AU  - Williams Uduak Ita
Y1  - 2015/01/14
PY  - 2015
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20150401.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajep.20150401.12
T2  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JF  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JO  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
SP  - 17
EP  - 22
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-5699
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20150401.12
AB  - Germination and root nodule formation of soybean (Glycine max) was evaluated in soil treated with Ridomil (R), Chlorpyriphos (CH), and a Combination of both (COM); using a completely randomized design, and a 3×3 factorial arrangement. Factor 1 was the pesticide type with 3 levels - R, CH, and COM; while factor 2 was the contamination rate (v/wt) with 3 levels - 0% (control), 2%, and 4%. Aqueous pesticides preparations (as recommended by manufacturers) were applied once, before seeds were planted. More than Ridomil and Combination, significantly (P<0.05) diminished percentage germination due to Chlorpyriphos was observed at 2, 3, and 4 weeks post application. The control had significantly higher germination than 2% and 4% groups, up until the 5th week. The Chlorpyriphos and pesticide Combination groups both had significantly lower root nodule number/plant, than Ridomil. Root nodule number/plant, and nodule biomass/plant were significantly reduced due to pesticide stress at 2% and 4%.  Pesticides application at 2% and 4% negatively affected germination and root nodule formation; but there was no indication of an enhanced effect due to pesticides combination.
VL  - 4
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

Ibiang Young Bassey

Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Calabar, PMB 1115, Calabar, Nigeria
Ekanem Bassey Effiong

Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Calabar, PMB 1115, Calabar, Nigeria
Usanga Daniel Archibong

Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Calabar, PMB 1115, Calabar, Nigeria
Williams Uduak Ita

Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Calabar, PMB 1115, Calabar, Nigeria

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APA Style

Ibiang Young Bassey, Ekanem Bassey Effiong, Usanga Daniel Archibong, Williams Uduak Ita. (2015). Germination and Root Nodule Formation of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in Ridomil and Chlorpyriphos Treated Soil. American Journal of Environmental Protection, 4(1), 17-22. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20150401.12

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ACS Style

Ibiang Young Bassey; Ekanem Bassey Effiong; Usanga Daniel Archibong; Williams Uduak Ita. Germination and Root Nodule Formation of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in Ridomil and Chlorpyriphos Treated Soil. Am. J. Environ. Prot. 2015, 4(1), 17-22. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20150401.12

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AMA Style

Ibiang Young Bassey, Ekanem Bassey Effiong, Usanga Daniel Archibong, Williams Uduak Ita. Germination and Root Nodule Formation of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in Ridomil and Chlorpyriphos Treated Soil. Am J Environ Prot. 2015;4(1):17-22. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20150401.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ajep.20150401.12,
  author = {Ibiang Young Bassey and Ekanem Bassey Effiong and Usanga Daniel Archibong and Williams Uduak Ita},
  title = {Germination and Root Nodule Formation of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in Ridomil and Chlorpyriphos Treated Soil},
  journal = {American Journal of Environmental Protection},
  volume = {4},
  number = {1},
  pages = {17-22},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajep.20150401.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20150401.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajep.20150401.12},
  abstract = {Germination and root nodule formation of soybean (Glycine max) was evaluated in soil treated with Ridomil (R), Chlorpyriphos (CH), and a Combination of both (COM); using a completely randomized design, and a 3×3 factorial arrangement. Factor 1 was the pesticide type with 3 levels - R, CH, and COM; while factor 2 was the contamination rate (v/wt) with 3 levels - 0% (control), 2%, and 4%. Aqueous pesticides preparations (as recommended by manufacturers) were applied once, before seeds were planted. More than Ridomil and Combination, significantly (P<0.05) diminished percentage germination due to Chlorpyriphos was observed at 2, 3, and 4 weeks post application. The control had significantly higher germination than 2% and 4% groups, up until the 5th week. The Chlorpyriphos and pesticide Combination groups both had significantly lower root nodule number/plant, than Ridomil. Root nodule number/plant, and nodule biomass/plant were significantly reduced due to pesticide stress at 2% and 4%.  Pesticides application at 2% and 4% negatively affected germination and root nodule formation; but there was no indication of an enhanced effect due to pesticides combination.},
 year = {2015}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Germination and Root Nodule Formation of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in Ridomil and Chlorpyriphos Treated Soil
AU  - Ibiang Young Bassey
AU  - Ekanem Bassey Effiong
AU  - Usanga Daniel Archibong
AU  - Williams Uduak Ita
Y1  - 2015/01/14
PY  - 2015
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20150401.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajep.20150401.12
T2  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JF  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JO  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
SP  - 17
EP  - 22
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-5699
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20150401.12
AB  - Germination and root nodule formation of soybean (Glycine max) was evaluated in soil treated with Ridomil (R), Chlorpyriphos (CH), and a Combination of both (COM); using a completely randomized design, and a 3×3 factorial arrangement. Factor 1 was the pesticide type with 3 levels - R, CH, and COM; while factor 2 was the contamination rate (v/wt) with 3 levels - 0% (control), 2%, and 4%. Aqueous pesticides preparations (as recommended by manufacturers) were applied once, before seeds were planted. More than Ridomil and Combination, significantly (P<0.05) diminished percentage germination due to Chlorpyriphos was observed at 2, 3, and 4 weeks post application. The control had significantly higher germination than 2% and 4% groups, up until the 5th week. The Chlorpyriphos and pesticide Combination groups both had significantly lower root nodule number/plant, than Ridomil. Root nodule number/plant, and nodule biomass/plant were significantly reduced due to pesticide stress at 2% and 4%.  Pesticides application at 2% and 4% negatively affected germination and root nodule formation; but there was no indication of an enhanced effect due to pesticides combination.
VL  - 4
IS  - 1
ER  -

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