Levels, Distribution and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Water in the Lower Reach of Qua Iboe River Estuary, Nigeria

Eno Anietie Moses; Bassey Anie Etuk; Essien Daniel Udosen

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajep.20150406.20

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Levels, Distribution and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Water in the Lower Reach of Qua Iboe River Estuary, Nigeria

Eno Anietie Moses, Bassey Anie Etuk, Essien Daniel Udosen

Published in American Journal of Environmental Protection (Volume 4, Issue 6)

Received: 29 September 2015 Accepted: 4 November 2015 Published: 22 December 2015

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Abstract

The lower reach of Qua Iboe River estuary houses one of the largest crude oil production facility in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Frequent oil spills has led to severe deterioration of the water system, This study determined 16 polycyclic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface waters of sites across the estuary in the wet and dry seasons. Gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC / FID) was used to measure PAHs in water samples following extraction. The sum of PAHs ranged from7.827E-04 for the wet season to 1.500E – 02 mg/l for the dry season with significantly higher (P<0.05) PAH concentration in the wet season. Total PAHs for the water sample at all sampling sites were above the permissible limit. The composition pattern of PAHs were dominated by high molecular weight PAHs, constituting 4-6 ring compounds. Diagnostic ratios of Fluoranthene/Fluoranthene + Pyrene, Anthracene/Anthracene + Phenanthrene and low molecular weight-PAH to high molecular weight PAH were calculated to evaluate possible sources of PAH compounds These ratios reflected predominantly pyrogenic sources of PAH to the water body originating from gas flaring from a petrochemical facility located close to the sampled stations. Cluster analysis was used to assess similarities between individual PAHs in water from QIRE for the dry and wet seasons. It revealed three primary PAH clusters in both seasons indicating different levels of anthropogenic activities in the cluster areas. There is a need for appropriate regulatory legislation on the control, treatment and discharge of oilfield effluents into QIRE and its adjourning creeks.

Published in	American Journal of Environmental Protection (Volume 4, Issue 6)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajep.20150406.20
Page(s)	334-343
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2015. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon, Water Pollution, Qua Iboe River Estuary, Gas Flaring, Oil Pollution

References

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APA Style

Eno Anietie Moses, Bassey Anie Etuk, Essien Daniel Udosen. (2015). Levels, Distribution and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Water in the Lower Reach of Qua Iboe River Estuary, Nigeria. American Journal of Environmental Protection, 4(6), 334-343. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20150406.20

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ACS Style

Eno Anietie Moses; Bassey Anie Etuk; Essien Daniel Udosen. Levels, Distribution and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Water in the Lower Reach of Qua Iboe River Estuary, Nigeria. Am. J. Environ. Prot. 2015, 4(6), 334-343. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20150406.20

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AMA Style

Eno Anietie Moses, Bassey Anie Etuk, Essien Daniel Udosen. Levels, Distribution and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Water in the Lower Reach of Qua Iboe River Estuary, Nigeria. Am J Environ Prot. 2015;4(6):334-343. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20150406.20

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@article{10.11648/j.ajep.20150406.20,
  author = {Eno Anietie Moses and Bassey Anie Etuk and Essien Daniel Udosen},
  title = {Levels, Distribution and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Water in the Lower Reach of Qua Iboe River Estuary, Nigeria},
  journal = {American Journal of Environmental Protection},
  volume = {4},
  number = {6},
  pages = {334-343},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajep.20150406.20},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20150406.20},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajep.20150406.20},
  abstract = {The lower reach of Qua Iboe River estuary houses one of the largest crude oil production facility in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Frequent oil spills has led to severe deterioration of the water system, This study determined 16 polycyclic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface waters of sites across the estuary in the wet and dry seasons. Gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC / FID) was used to measure PAHs in water samples following extraction. The sum of PAHs ranged from7.827E-04 for the wet season to 1.500E – 02 mg/l for the dry season with significantly higher (P<0.05) PAH concentration in the wet season. Total PAHs for the water sample at all sampling sites were above the permissible limit. The composition pattern of PAHs were dominated by high molecular weight PAHs, constituting 4-6 ring compounds. Diagnostic ratios of Fluoranthene/Fluoranthene + Pyrene, Anthracene/Anthracene + Phenanthrene and low molecular weight-PAH to high molecular weight PAH were calculated to evaluate possible sources of PAH compounds These ratios reflected predominantly pyrogenic sources of PAH to the water body originating from gas flaring from a petrochemical facility located close to the sampled stations. Cluster analysis was used to assess similarities between individual PAHs in water from QIRE for the dry and wet seasons. It revealed three primary PAH clusters in both seasons indicating different levels of anthropogenic activities in the cluster areas. There is a need for appropriate regulatory legislation on the control, treatment and discharge of oilfield effluents into QIRE and its adjourning creeks.},
 year = {2015}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Levels, Distribution and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Water in the Lower Reach of Qua Iboe River Estuary, Nigeria
AU  - Eno Anietie Moses
AU  - Bassey Anie Etuk
AU  - Essien Daniel Udosen
Y1  - 2015/12/22
PY  - 2015
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20150406.20
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajep.20150406.20
T2  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JF  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JO  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
SP  - 334
EP  - 343
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-5699
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20150406.20
AB  - The lower reach of Qua Iboe River estuary houses one of the largest crude oil production facility in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Frequent oil spills has led to severe deterioration of the water system, This study determined 16 polycyclic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface waters of sites across the estuary in the wet and dry seasons. Gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC / FID) was used to measure PAHs in water samples following extraction. The sum of PAHs ranged from7.827E-04 for the wet season to 1.500E – 02 mg/l for the dry season with significantly higher (P<0.05) PAH concentration in the wet season. Total PAHs for the water sample at all sampling sites were above the permissible limit. The composition pattern of PAHs were dominated by high molecular weight PAHs, constituting 4-6 ring compounds. Diagnostic ratios of Fluoranthene/Fluoranthene + Pyrene, Anthracene/Anthracene + Phenanthrene and low molecular weight-PAH to high molecular weight PAH were calculated to evaluate possible sources of PAH compounds These ratios reflected predominantly pyrogenic sources of PAH to the water body originating from gas flaring from a petrochemical facility located close to the sampled stations. Cluster analysis was used to assess similarities between individual PAHs in water from QIRE for the dry and wet seasons. It revealed three primary PAH clusters in both seasons indicating different levels of anthropogenic activities in the cluster areas. There is a need for appropriate regulatory legislation on the control, treatment and discharge of oilfield effluents into QIRE and its adjourning creeks.
VL  - 4
IS  - 6
ER  -

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Author Information

Eno Anietie Moses

Department of Chemistry, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
Bassey Anie Etuk

Department of Chemistry, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
Essien Daniel Udosen

Department of Chemistry, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria

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APA Style

Eno Anietie Moses, Bassey Anie Etuk, Essien Daniel Udosen. (2015). Levels, Distribution and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Water in the Lower Reach of Qua Iboe River Estuary, Nigeria. American Journal of Environmental Protection, 4(6), 334-343. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20150406.20

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ACS Style

Eno Anietie Moses; Bassey Anie Etuk; Essien Daniel Udosen. Levels, Distribution and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Water in the Lower Reach of Qua Iboe River Estuary, Nigeria. Am. J. Environ. Prot. 2015, 4(6), 334-343. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20150406.20

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AMA Style

Eno Anietie Moses, Bassey Anie Etuk, Essien Daniel Udosen. Levels, Distribution and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Water in the Lower Reach of Qua Iboe River Estuary, Nigeria. Am J Environ Prot. 2015;4(6):334-343. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20150406.20

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajep.20150406.20,
  author = {Eno Anietie Moses and Bassey Anie Etuk and Essien Daniel Udosen},
  title = {Levels, Distribution and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Water in the Lower Reach of Qua Iboe River Estuary, Nigeria},
  journal = {American Journal of Environmental Protection},
  volume = {4},
  number = {6},
  pages = {334-343},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajep.20150406.20},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20150406.20},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajep.20150406.20},
  abstract = {The lower reach of Qua Iboe River estuary houses one of the largest crude oil production facility in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Frequent oil spills has led to severe deterioration of the water system, This study determined 16 polycyclic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface waters of sites across the estuary in the wet and dry seasons. Gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC / FID) was used to measure PAHs in water samples following extraction. The sum of PAHs ranged from7.827E-04 for the wet season to 1.500E – 02 mg/l for the dry season with significantly higher (P<0.05) PAH concentration in the wet season. Total PAHs for the water sample at all sampling sites were above the permissible limit. The composition pattern of PAHs were dominated by high molecular weight PAHs, constituting 4-6 ring compounds. Diagnostic ratios of Fluoranthene/Fluoranthene + Pyrene, Anthracene/Anthracene + Phenanthrene and low molecular weight-PAH to high molecular weight PAH were calculated to evaluate possible sources of PAH compounds These ratios reflected predominantly pyrogenic sources of PAH to the water body originating from gas flaring from a petrochemical facility located close to the sampled stations. Cluster analysis was used to assess similarities between individual PAHs in water from QIRE for the dry and wet seasons. It revealed three primary PAH clusters in both seasons indicating different levels of anthropogenic activities in the cluster areas. There is a need for appropriate regulatory legislation on the control, treatment and discharge of oilfield effluents into QIRE and its adjourning creeks.},
 year = {2015}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Levels, Distribution and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Water in the Lower Reach of Qua Iboe River Estuary, Nigeria
AU  - Eno Anietie Moses
AU  - Bassey Anie Etuk
AU  - Essien Daniel Udosen
Y1  - 2015/12/22
PY  - 2015
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20150406.20
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajep.20150406.20
T2  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JF  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JO  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
SP  - 334
EP  - 343
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-5699
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20150406.20
AB  - The lower reach of Qua Iboe River estuary houses one of the largest crude oil production facility in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Frequent oil spills has led to severe deterioration of the water system, This study determined 16 polycyclic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface waters of sites across the estuary in the wet and dry seasons. Gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC / FID) was used to measure PAHs in water samples following extraction. The sum of PAHs ranged from7.827E-04 for the wet season to 1.500E – 02 mg/l for the dry season with significantly higher (P<0.05) PAH concentration in the wet season. Total PAHs for the water sample at all sampling sites were above the permissible limit. The composition pattern of PAHs were dominated by high molecular weight PAHs, constituting 4-6 ring compounds. Diagnostic ratios of Fluoranthene/Fluoranthene + Pyrene, Anthracene/Anthracene + Phenanthrene and low molecular weight-PAH to high molecular weight PAH were calculated to evaluate possible sources of PAH compounds These ratios reflected predominantly pyrogenic sources of PAH to the water body originating from gas flaring from a petrochemical facility located close to the sampled stations. Cluster analysis was used to assess similarities between individual PAHs in water from QIRE for the dry and wet seasons. It revealed three primary PAH clusters in both seasons indicating different levels of anthropogenic activities in the cluster areas. There is a need for appropriate regulatory legislation on the control, treatment and discharge of oilfield effluents into QIRE and its adjourning creeks.
VL  - 4
IS  - 6
ER  -

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