Study on the Structure Model of Water Molecule and the Reasons of Formation of Some Characteristics of Liquid & Solid Water

Peimin Pu; Jiangping Pu; Zhengbin Zhu

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajmp.20200902.11

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Study on the Structure Model of Water Molecule and the Reasons of Formation of Some Characteristics of Liquid & Solid Water

Peimin Pu, Jiangping Pu, Zhengbin Zhu

Published in American Journal of Modern Physics (Volume 9, Issue 2)

Received: 14 April 2020 Accepted: 22 May 2020 Published: 17 June 2020

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Abstract

A model for water (H₂O) molecule, the structure of ice, snow and liquid water were presented, and the reasons of formation of their specific characteristics were modeled in good coincidence with observed data. (1) A stable quasi rigid molecule structure may be constructed by dominant trajectories of electrons round and between the H-O-H nucleus according with the laws of Columb’s force and Kepler’s movement rule. The core of the water molecule is a isosceles triangle with ratio of distances between nucleus: (H-H)²/(H-O)²=2.5, which would be surrounded by moving electrons and form an equilateral triangular pyramid (ETP Model) with 2 pairs of “+/-” electricity endpoints and edge length of 0.48017nm. (2) The “+/-” endpoint of a water molecule may attract other “-/+” endpoint in distance of less than 0.27 nm. A molecule may joints other molecule to have all their 4 planes parallel each other and the 6 molecules may joint as a hexagon loop with a common plane and then these loops may similarly be formed for each plane of the pyramid and extend to whole space and form the water ice structure with Zigzag Hexagon Tunnel-Vacancy System (ZHTVS Model) with porosity of ≥2.28. (3) A “sheet model” of desublimation like the snowflake is more possible phenomenon below 0°C in air, possessing the self-similarity with the hexagon-sexangle-six needle forms. (4) The liquid water has the same structure of the solid ice, but because there is 1/11 possibility to have an appearance of double electrons at one endpoint of the pyramid with “-” charge, so when the temperature is above 0°C, a part of water molecules on the frame may possess the energy for separating from the frame, and will move into the tunnel/vacancy, being as a “free water molecule”. The total volume of the liquid water would decrease until to 4°C to the minimum. The ratio of density of solid water ice and liquid water is 11/12=0.916667. (5) The relationships of the specific characteristics of the water with its construction, such as density, expansibility, compressibility, specific heat capacity, electric and thermal conductivity, solubility for O₂, H₂S, NaCl, KCl, etc. were discussed and numerical modeled. The experiments of saturated solution of NaCl audio-visual indicated that there are tunnel/vacancy spaces for storing NaCl molecules/ions, and increasing the volume of 1/11 of water volume after freezing. (6) The surface structure of liquid water and the applications of research results are presented in other papers.

Published in	American Journal of Modern Physics (Volume 9, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajmp.20200902.11
Page(s)	11-27
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Model of Water Molecule Structure, Ice and liquid Water Structure, Snowflake Forms and Self-similarity, Water Structure and Its Properties, Porosity Ratio of Water, Water as Solvent, Salts Dissolving Process in Water

References

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[3]	Tokyo Astronomical Observatory, Ed. By, Science Year Book, 60^th Edition, 1987.
[4]	Yakolef, K. P. Ed. Handbook of Physics and Technology, Volume 1. Mathematics and Physics, Physic-Math Press. Moscow, 1960.
[5]	Van der Waals radius, From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Waals_redius.
[6]	HU shenzhi, ZHOU Zhaohui, CAI Qiru, Mean van Der Waal’s radii, of atoms in crystals. Acta Phys.-Chim. Sin., 2003, 19 (11): 1073-1077.
[7]	SA Clough, Y Beers, GP Klein, LS Rothman. Dipole moment of water from Stark measurements of H₂O, HDO, and D₂O, Journal of Chemical Physics, 1973, 59 (5): 2254-2259.
[8]	Dame Kathleen Lonsdale, The Structure of Ice, - Proceedings of the Royal Society of A, Mathematical, Physical & Engineering Sciences, 1958 - rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org.
[9]	W. F. Giauque, J. W. Stout, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1936, 58 (7), pp 1144–1150; 7 Publication Date: July 1936; (Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical & Enciences).
[10]	ZHAN Zhenbin, CHEN Zhengdong, LIU Leansheng, et al, Theory anf Application of Ocenology—Oceanological Chemistry of Chinese Costal Waters, Oceanological Press, 1999. Beijing.
[11]	Freezing-Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.html; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing#Supercooling;-40°C,-70°C.
[12]	Dorsey, N. E., Properties of Ordinary Water-Substance, Reinhold, New York, 1940.
[13]	Kompanets, A. S. Theoretical Physics, People Education Press. 1961, Beijing.
[14]	Electrical resistivity and conductivity; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity.
[15]	Dean, John A. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 11^th Edition, 1973.
[16]	V. L. Thurmond, R. W. Potter II-, and M. A. Clynne. The Densities of Saturated Solutions of NaCl and KCl from 10° to 105°C, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, Open File Report, 1984. http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0253/report.pdf; Ionic radius; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_radius.
[17]	Atomic radii of the elements (data page), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radii_of_the_elements_(data_page).
[18]	Ionic radius, From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_radius; (Redirected from Ionic Radius).
[19]	Shuleikin, V. V. Brief Oceanography, Hydrometeorology Press, Moscow-Leningrad, 1959. (Photo for Mono-crystal of ice)
[20]	Bernal I. D. and Fowler R. H. J. of Chemical Physics, 1933, V. 1: 518.
[21]	Burton E. F. and W. F. Oliver, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 1935 153, 166-172, doi: 10.1098/ rspa. 1935.0229.
[22]	PU Peimin, PU Jiangping, ZHU Zhengbin, Liquid water skin structure & its influence on atmospheric electric fields, SCIREA, Journal of Geosciences, 2017, 2 (2): 39-55. (http://www.scirea.org/journal/PaperInformation?JournalID=17000&PaperID=334). (http://article.scirea.org/pdf/17010.pdf).
[23]	PU, Peimin, PU, Jiangping. Optimized structure of aqua-eco-floating island systems and its applications for suppressing evaporation from water surface, et cetera. 《The rise of China as a powerful country with talents》, Ed. in Chief: Zen Ronglu. 2018: 126-132. Footnote, f. n. 2: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Properties_of_water.

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Peimin Pu, Jiangping Pu, Zhengbin Zhu. (2020). Study on the Structure Model of Water Molecule and the Reasons of Formation of Some Characteristics of Liquid & Solid Water. American Journal of Modern Physics, 9(2), 11-27. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmp.20200902.11

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ACS Style

Peimin Pu; Jiangping Pu; Zhengbin Zhu. Study on the Structure Model of Water Molecule and the Reasons of Formation of Some Characteristics of Liquid & Solid Water. Am. J. Mod. Phys. 2020, 9(2), 11-27. doi: 10.11648/j.ajmp.20200902.11

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AMA Style

Peimin Pu, Jiangping Pu, Zhengbin Zhu. Study on the Structure Model of Water Molecule and the Reasons of Formation of Some Characteristics of Liquid & Solid Water. Am J Mod Phys. 2020;9(2):11-27. doi: 10.11648/j.ajmp.20200902.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ajmp.20200902.11,
  author = {Peimin Pu and Jiangping Pu and Zhengbin Zhu},
  title = {Study on the Structure Model of Water Molecule and the Reasons of Formation of Some Characteristics of Liquid & Solid Water},
  journal = {American Journal of Modern Physics},
  volume = {9},
  number = {2},
  pages = {11-27},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajmp.20200902.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmp.20200902.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajmp.20200902.11},
  abstract = {A model for water (H2O) molecule, the structure of ice, snow and liquid water were presented, and the reasons of formation of their specific characteristics were modeled in good coincidence with observed data. (1) A stable quasi rigid molecule structure may be constructed by dominant trajectories of electrons round and between the H-O-H nucleus according with the laws of Columb’s force and Kepler’s movement rule. The core of the water molecule is a isosceles triangle with ratio of distances between nucleus: (H-H)2/(H-O)2=2.5, which would be surrounded by moving electrons and form an equilateral triangular pyramid (ETP Model) with 2 pairs of “+/-” electricity endpoints and edge length of 0.48017nm. (2) The “+/-” endpoint of a water molecule may attract other “-/+” endpoint in distance of less than 0.27 nm. A molecule may joints other molecule to have all their 4 planes parallel each other and the 6 molecules may joint as a hexagon loop with a common plane and then these loops may similarly be formed for each plane of the pyramid and extend to whole space and form the water ice structure with Zigzag Hexagon Tunnel-Vacancy System (ZHTVS Model) with porosity of ≥2.28. (3) A “sheet model” of desublimation like the snowflake is more possible phenomenon below 0°C in air, possessing the self-similarity with the hexagon-sexangle-six needle forms. (4) The liquid water has the same structure of the solid ice, but because there is 1/11 possibility to have an appearance of double electrons at one endpoint of the pyramid with “-” charge, so when the temperature is above 0°C, a part of water molecules on the frame may possess the energy for separating from the frame, and will move into the tunnel/vacancy, being as a “free water molecule”. The total volume of the liquid water would decrease until to 4°C to the minimum. The ratio of density of solid water ice and liquid water is 11/12=0.916667. (5) The relationships of the specific characteristics of the water with its construction, such as density, expansibility, compressibility, specific heat capacity, electric and thermal conductivity, solubility for O2, H2S, NaCl, KCl, etc. were discussed and numerical modeled. The experiments of saturated solution of NaCl audio-visual indicated that there are tunnel/vacancy spaces for storing NaCl molecules/ions, and increasing the volume of 1/11 of water volume after freezing. (6) The surface structure of liquid water and the applications of research results are presented in other papers.},
 year = {2020}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Study on the Structure Model of Water Molecule and the Reasons of Formation of Some Characteristics of Liquid & Solid Water
AU  - Peimin Pu
AU  - Jiangping Pu
AU  - Zhengbin Zhu
Y1  - 2020/06/17
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmp.20200902.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajmp.20200902.11
T2  - American Journal of Modern Physics
JF  - American Journal of Modern Physics
JO  - American Journal of Modern Physics
SP  - 11
EP  - 27
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2326-8891
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmp.20200902.11
AB  - A model for water (H2O) molecule, the structure of ice, snow and liquid water were presented, and the reasons of formation of their specific characteristics were modeled in good coincidence with observed data. (1) A stable quasi rigid molecule structure may be constructed by dominant trajectories of electrons round and between the H-O-H nucleus according with the laws of Columb’s force and Kepler’s movement rule. The core of the water molecule is a isosceles triangle with ratio of distances between nucleus: (H-H)2/(H-O)2=2.5, which would be surrounded by moving electrons and form an equilateral triangular pyramid (ETP Model) with 2 pairs of “+/-” electricity endpoints and edge length of 0.48017nm. (2) The “+/-” endpoint of a water molecule may attract other “-/+” endpoint in distance of less than 0.27 nm. A molecule may joints other molecule to have all their 4 planes parallel each other and the 6 molecules may joint as a hexagon loop with a common plane and then these loops may similarly be formed for each plane of the pyramid and extend to whole space and form the water ice structure with Zigzag Hexagon Tunnel-Vacancy System (ZHTVS Model) with porosity of ≥2.28. (3) A “sheet model” of desublimation like the snowflake is more possible phenomenon below 0°C in air, possessing the self-similarity with the hexagon-sexangle-six needle forms. (4) The liquid water has the same structure of the solid ice, but because there is 1/11 possibility to have an appearance of double electrons at one endpoint of the pyramid with “-” charge, so when the temperature is above 0°C, a part of water molecules on the frame may possess the energy for separating from the frame, and will move into the tunnel/vacancy, being as a “free water molecule”. The total volume of the liquid water would decrease until to 4°C to the minimum. The ratio of density of solid water ice and liquid water is 11/12=0.916667. (5) The relationships of the specific characteristics of the water with its construction, such as density, expansibility, compressibility, specific heat capacity, electric and thermal conductivity, solubility for O2, H2S, NaCl, KCl, etc. were discussed and numerical modeled. The experiments of saturated solution of NaCl audio-visual indicated that there are tunnel/vacancy spaces for storing NaCl molecules/ions, and increasing the volume of 1/11 of water volume after freezing. (6) The surface structure of liquid water and the applications of research results are presented in other papers.
VL  - 9
IS  - 2
ER  -

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Author Information

Peimin Pu

Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
Jiangping Pu

Cloud Water Engineering Inc. (CWEI), Nanjing, China
Zhengbin Zhu

Faculty of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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APA Style

Peimin Pu, Jiangping Pu, Zhengbin Zhu. (2020). Study on the Structure Model of Water Molecule and the Reasons of Formation of Some Characteristics of Liquid & Solid Water. American Journal of Modern Physics, 9(2), 11-27. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmp.20200902.11

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ACS Style

Peimin Pu; Jiangping Pu; Zhengbin Zhu. Study on the Structure Model of Water Molecule and the Reasons of Formation of Some Characteristics of Liquid & Solid Water. Am. J. Mod. Phys. 2020, 9(2), 11-27. doi: 10.11648/j.ajmp.20200902.11

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AMA Style

Peimin Pu, Jiangping Pu, Zhengbin Zhu. Study on the Structure Model of Water Molecule and the Reasons of Formation of Some Characteristics of Liquid & Solid Water. Am J Mod Phys. 2020;9(2):11-27. doi: 10.11648/j.ajmp.20200902.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajmp.20200902.11,
  author = {Peimin Pu and Jiangping Pu and Zhengbin Zhu},
  title = {Study on the Structure Model of Water Molecule and the Reasons of Formation of Some Characteristics of Liquid & Solid Water},
  journal = {American Journal of Modern Physics},
  volume = {9},
  number = {2},
  pages = {11-27},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajmp.20200902.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmp.20200902.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajmp.20200902.11},
  abstract = {A model for water (H2O) molecule, the structure of ice, snow and liquid water were presented, and the reasons of formation of their specific characteristics were modeled in good coincidence with observed data. (1) A stable quasi rigid molecule structure may be constructed by dominant trajectories of electrons round and between the H-O-H nucleus according with the laws of Columb’s force and Kepler’s movement rule. The core of the water molecule is a isosceles triangle with ratio of distances between nucleus: (H-H)2/(H-O)2=2.5, which would be surrounded by moving electrons and form an equilateral triangular pyramid (ETP Model) with 2 pairs of “+/-” electricity endpoints and edge length of 0.48017nm. (2) The “+/-” endpoint of a water molecule may attract other “-/+” endpoint in distance of less than 0.27 nm. A molecule may joints other molecule to have all their 4 planes parallel each other and the 6 molecules may joint as a hexagon loop with a common plane and then these loops may similarly be formed for each plane of the pyramid and extend to whole space and form the water ice structure with Zigzag Hexagon Tunnel-Vacancy System (ZHTVS Model) with porosity of ≥2.28. (3) A “sheet model” of desublimation like the snowflake is more possible phenomenon below 0°C in air, possessing the self-similarity with the hexagon-sexangle-six needle forms. (4) The liquid water has the same structure of the solid ice, but because there is 1/11 possibility to have an appearance of double electrons at one endpoint of the pyramid with “-” charge, so when the temperature is above 0°C, a part of water molecules on the frame may possess the energy for separating from the frame, and will move into the tunnel/vacancy, being as a “free water molecule”. The total volume of the liquid water would decrease until to 4°C to the minimum. The ratio of density of solid water ice and liquid water is 11/12=0.916667. (5) The relationships of the specific characteristics of the water with its construction, such as density, expansibility, compressibility, specific heat capacity, electric and thermal conductivity, solubility for O2, H2S, NaCl, KCl, etc. were discussed and numerical modeled. The experiments of saturated solution of NaCl audio-visual indicated that there are tunnel/vacancy spaces for storing NaCl molecules/ions, and increasing the volume of 1/11 of water volume after freezing. (6) The surface structure of liquid water and the applications of research results are presented in other papers.},
 year = {2020}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Study on the Structure Model of Water Molecule and the Reasons of Formation of Some Characteristics of Liquid & Solid Water
AU  - Peimin Pu
AU  - Jiangping Pu
AU  - Zhengbin Zhu
Y1  - 2020/06/17
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmp.20200902.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajmp.20200902.11
T2  - American Journal of Modern Physics
JF  - American Journal of Modern Physics
JO  - American Journal of Modern Physics
SP  - 11
EP  - 27
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2326-8891
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmp.20200902.11
AB  - A model for water (H2O) molecule, the structure of ice, snow and liquid water were presented, and the reasons of formation of their specific characteristics were modeled in good coincidence with observed data. (1) A stable quasi rigid molecule structure may be constructed by dominant trajectories of electrons round and between the H-O-H nucleus according with the laws of Columb’s force and Kepler’s movement rule. The core of the water molecule is a isosceles triangle with ratio of distances between nucleus: (H-H)2/(H-O)2=2.5, which would be surrounded by moving electrons and form an equilateral triangular pyramid (ETP Model) with 2 pairs of “+/-” electricity endpoints and edge length of 0.48017nm. (2) The “+/-” endpoint of a water molecule may attract other “-/+” endpoint in distance of less than 0.27 nm. A molecule may joints other molecule to have all their 4 planes parallel each other and the 6 molecules may joint as a hexagon loop with a common plane and then these loops may similarly be formed for each plane of the pyramid and extend to whole space and form the water ice structure with Zigzag Hexagon Tunnel-Vacancy System (ZHTVS Model) with porosity of ≥2.28. (3) A “sheet model” of desublimation like the snowflake is more possible phenomenon below 0°C in air, possessing the self-similarity with the hexagon-sexangle-six needle forms. (4) The liquid water has the same structure of the solid ice, but because there is 1/11 possibility to have an appearance of double electrons at one endpoint of the pyramid with “-” charge, so when the temperature is above 0°C, a part of water molecules on the frame may possess the energy for separating from the frame, and will move into the tunnel/vacancy, being as a “free water molecule”. The total volume of the liquid water would decrease until to 4°C to the minimum. The ratio of density of solid water ice and liquid water is 11/12=0.916667. (5) The relationships of the specific characteristics of the water with its construction, such as density, expansibility, compressibility, specific heat capacity, electric and thermal conductivity, solubility for O2, H2S, NaCl, KCl, etc. were discussed and numerical modeled. The experiments of saturated solution of NaCl audio-visual indicated that there are tunnel/vacancy spaces for storing NaCl molecules/ions, and increasing the volume of 1/11 of water volume after freezing. (6) The surface structure of liquid water and the applications of research results are presented in other papers.
VL  - 9
IS  - 2
ER  -

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