Determination of the Optimal Color Space from Eight Types of Color Spaces for Distinguishing Small Retinal Hemorrhages from Dust Artifacts

Naoto Suzuki

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijbse.20130101.12

| Peer-Reviewed

Determination of the Optimal Color Space from Eight Types of Color Spaces for Distinguishing Small Retinal Hemorrhages from Dust Artifacts

Naoto Suzuki

Published in International Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering (Volume 1, Issue 1)

Received: 10 July 2013 Published: 10 August 2013

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

To determine the optimal color space from eight types of color spaces for distinguishing small retinal hemorrhages from dust artifacts in cases of early diabetic retinopathy. We constructed an experimental device, which comprised an illumination optical system and a photographic optical system separated by a mirror having a hole. This device included a canon EOS 50D camera, an EF 50 mm f/1.8–2 camera lens, a Speedlite 270EX flash, an object lens, four double-convex lenses, three aperture stops, and six artificial eyes. The hemispherical eye ground was made of polythene terephthalate, which was painted with six matt color sprays: red, coffee, ocher, yellow, ivory, and orange. Five fragments of house dust on the object lens and the two lenses were photographed under each artificial eye. The RGB color space, measured by Paint Shop Pro from pictures, was changed into seven types of color spaces: XYZ, CMY, HSL, HSV, HSI, L*a*b*, and L*u*v*. The L*u*v* color space was the optimal one as it demonstrated the highest sensitivity and the best reproducibility. This result demonstrated that this color space could distinguish small hemorrhages from dust artifacts. Next, we analyzed the L*u*v* color space and compared the following three types of house dust positions: “on an object lens,” “on a photographic optical system,” and “on an illumination optical system.” The house dust position “on an object lens” had the highest sensitivity and the best reproducibility. However, the positions “on a photographic optical system” and “on an illumination optical system” had high sensitivity and good reproducibility only under certain conditions. In addition, no differences were found among the six types of fundus colors.

Published in	International Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering (Volume 1, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijbse.20130101.12
Page(s)	10-19
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2013. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Color spaces, Diabetic Retinopathy, Dust Artifacts, Small Retinal Hemorrhages

References

[1]	Z.T. Bloomgarden, "American Diabetes Association Annual Meeting, 1999, Diabetes and obesity", Diabetes Care 2000, Vol.23, No.1, pp118-124.
[2]	T. Tsuchiya, "Measure Against Lifestyle Related Disease", JMAJ 2006, Vol.49 No.3, pp132-134.
[3]	S.S. Savant, H.B. Chandalia, "Diabetic retinopathy", Intnl. J. Dev. Contries 1991, Vol.10, pp9-25.
[4]	American Diabetes Association, Diabetic retinopathy, Clinical Diabetes 2001, Vol.19 No.1, pp29-32.
[5]	J.B. Brown, K.L. Pedula, K.H. Summers, "Diabetic retinopathy", Diabetes Care 2003, Vol.26 No.9, pp2637-2642.
[6]	E. Duh, "Diabetic Retinopathy", Humana Press, 2008.
[7]	S. Garg, R.M. Davis, "Diabetic retinopathy screening update", Clinical diabetes 2009, Vol.27 No.4, pp140-145.
[8]	I.U. Scott, N.M. Bressler, S.B. Bresseler, et al., "Agreement between clinical and reading center gradings of diabetic retinopathy severity level at baseline in a phase 2 study of intravitreal bevacizumab for diabetic macular edema", Retina 2008, Vol. 28 No.1, pp36-40.
[9]	M.S. Figueroa, I. Contreras, S. Noval, "Anti-angiogetic drugs as an adjunctive therapy in the surgical treatment of diabetic retinopathy", Curr Diabetes Rev 2009, Vol.5 No.1, pp52-56.
[10]	E. Fernández-Caldas, W.L. Trudeau, D.K. Ledford, "Environmental control of indoor biologic agents", J Allergy Clin Immunol 1994, Vol.2 No.2, pp404-412.
[11]	A.G. Oomen, J.P.C.M. Janssen, A. Dusseldorp, et al., "Ecposure to chemicals via house dust", RIVM Report 609021064/2008, pp11-18.
[12]	M. Born, E. Wolf, Principles of Optics 7th expanded edition, Electromagnetic Theory of Propagation, Interference and Diffraction of Light, Cambridge Univ. Press; 1999.
[13]	R.G. Willson, M.W. Maimone, A.E. Johnson, et al., "An Optical Model for Image Artifacts Produced by Dust Particles on Lenses", Proceedings of ISAIRAS 2005 Conference, 2005.
[14]	A.V. Shukla, Clinical Optics Primer for Ophthalmic Medical Personnel, A Guide to Laws, Formulae, Calculations, and Clinical Applications, SLACK Inc; 2009.
[15]	D.D. David, R. Prescott, S. Kennedy, "Simultaneous stereoscopic fundus camera incorporating a single optical axis", Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. March, 1980, pp289-297.
[16]	R. Zeimer, S. Zou, T. Meeder, et al., "A fundus camera dedicated to the screening of diabetic retinopathy in the primary-care physician’s office", IOVS May 2002, Vol. 43 No.5, pp1581-1587.
[17]	R.F. Lyon, "Prism-Based Color Separation for Professional Digital Photography,", Proceedings of IS&T’s PICS 2000 Conference: Image Processing, Image Quality, Image Capture Systems Conference, 2000, Oregon, USA.
[18]	A.E. Dirik, H.T. Sencar, N. Memon, "Source Camera Identification Based on Sensor dust Characteristics", The proceedings of Signal Processing Applications for Public Security and Forensics 2007, SAFE’07, IEEE Workshop 2007.
[19]	A. Zamfir, A. Drimbarean, M. Zamfir, et al., "An Optic Model of the Appearance of Blemishes in Digital Photographs", Proceedings of SPIE 2007, Vol. 6502, Digital Photography 3.
[20]	R. Bergman, R. Maurer, H. Nachlieli, et al., "Comprehensive Solutions for Removal of Dust and Scratches from Images", Journal of Electronic Imaging 2008, Vol.17 No.1, pp1-25.
[21]	A.E. Dirik, H.T. Sencar, N. Memon, "Digital Single Lens Reflex Camera Identification From Traces of Sensor Dust", IEEE Trans Info For and Sec 2008, Vol.3 No.3, pp539-552.
[22]	P.J. Saine, "Errors in Fundus Photography", Journal of Ophthalmic Photography 1984, Vol.7 No.2, pp120-122.
[23]	H. Narasimha-Iyer, A. Can, B. Roysam, et al., "Robust Detection and Classification of Longitudinal Changes in Color Retinal Fundus Images for Monitoring Diabetic Retinopathy", IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2006, Vol.53 No.6, pp1084-1098.
[24]	H. Narasima-lyer, A. Can, B. Roysam, et al., "Integrated analysis of vascular and nonvascular changes from color retinal fundus image sequences", IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2007, Vol.54 No.8, pp1436-1445.
[25]	J. Koenderink, Color for the sciences, The MIT Press; 2009.
[26]	N. Suzuki, "Basic Research for Distinguishing Small Retinal Hemorrhages from Dust Artifact by using Hue, Lightness, and Saturation Color Space", World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 2012, Vol.65, pp 844-852.
[27]	B. Jahne, Practical Handbook on Image Processing for Scientific Applications, CRC Press, 1997.
[28]	B.G. Haskell, A. Puri, A.N. Netravali, Digital Video: An Introduction to MPEG-2, Chapman & Hall, 1997.
[29]	A. Hanbury, J. Serra, "Mathematical Morphology in the HLS Color Space", Proceeding of 12th British Machine Vision Conference, 2001, Manchester, UK.
[30]	M. Tkalcic, J.F. Tasic, Color spaces – perceptual, historical and applicational background, EUROCON 2003, Computer as a tool, The IEEE Region 8, Vol.1, pp304-308.
[31]	A. Ford, A. Roberts, Color space conversion, Westminster University, London, 1998.
[32]	Jasc Software, Inc., Chapter 8: Making color and Tonal Corrections, Paint Shop Pro 8 User Guide, 2002.
[33]	R.A. Peters II, "Mathematical morphology for angle-valued images", Proceedings of the SPIE, Nonlinear Image Processing VIII 3026, 1997.
[34]	Nikon Corporations. Nikon D1X Operators Manual.
[35]	Canon Inc. Canon EOS 50D Instruction Manual, 2008.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Naoto Suzuki. (2013). Determination of the Optimal Color Space from Eight Types of Color Spaces for Distinguishing Small Retinal Hemorrhages from Dust Artifacts. International Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering, 1(1), 10-19. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijbse.20130101.12

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Naoto Suzuki. Determination of the Optimal Color Space from Eight Types of Color Spaces for Distinguishing Small Retinal Hemorrhages from Dust Artifacts. Int. J. Biomed. Sci. Eng. 2013, 1(1), 10-19. doi: 10.11648/j.ijbse.20130101.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Naoto Suzuki. Determination of the Optimal Color Space from Eight Types of Color Spaces for Distinguishing Small Retinal Hemorrhages from Dust Artifacts. Int J Biomed Sci Eng. 2013;1(1):10-19. doi: 10.11648/j.ijbse.20130101.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijbse.20130101.12,
  author = {Naoto Suzuki},
  title = {Determination of the Optimal Color Space from Eight Types of Color Spaces for Distinguishing Small Retinal Hemorrhages from Dust Artifacts},
  journal = {International Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering},
  volume = {1},
  number = {1},
  pages = {10-19},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijbse.20130101.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijbse.20130101.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijbse.20130101.12},
  abstract = {To determine the optimal color space from eight types of color spaces for distinguishing small retinal hemorrhages from dust artifacts in cases of early diabetic retinopathy. We constructed an experimental device, which comprised an illumination optical system and a photographic optical system separated by a mirror having a hole. This device included a canon EOS 50D camera, an EF 50 mm f/1.8–2 camera lens, a Speedlite 270EX flash, an object lens, four double-convex lenses, three aperture stops, and six artificial eyes. The hemispherical eye ground was made of polythene terephthalate, which was painted with six matt color sprays: red, coffee, ocher, yellow, ivory, and orange. Five fragments of house dust on the object lens and the two lenses were photographed under each artificial eye. The RGB color space, measured by Paint Shop Pro from pictures, was changed into seven types of color spaces: XYZ, CMY, HSL, HSV, HSI, L*a*b*, and L*u*v*. The L*u*v* color space was the optimal one as it demonstrated the highest sensitivity and the best reproducibility. This result demonstrated that this color space could distinguish small hemorrhages from dust artifacts. Next, we analyzed the L*u*v* color space and compared the following three types of house dust positions: “on an object lens,” “on a photographic optical system,” and “on an illumination optical system.” The house dust position “on an object lens” had the highest sensitivity and the best reproducibility. However, the positions “on a photographic optical system” and “on an illumination optical system” had high sensitivity and good reproducibility only under certain conditions. In addition, no differences were found among the six types of fundus colors.},
 year = {2013}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Determination of the Optimal Color Space from Eight Types of Color Spaces for Distinguishing Small Retinal Hemorrhages from Dust Artifacts
AU  - Naoto Suzuki
Y1  - 2013/08/10
PY  - 2013
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijbse.20130101.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijbse.20130101.12
T2  - International Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering
JF  - International Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering
JO  - International Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering
SP  - 10
EP  - 19
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2376-7235
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijbse.20130101.12
AB  - To determine the optimal color space from eight types of color spaces for distinguishing small retinal hemorrhages from dust artifacts in cases of early diabetic retinopathy. We constructed an experimental device, which comprised an illumination optical system and a photographic optical system separated by a mirror having a hole. This device included a canon EOS 50D camera, an EF 50 mm f/1.8–2 camera lens, a Speedlite 270EX flash, an object lens, four double-convex lenses, three aperture stops, and six artificial eyes. The hemispherical eye ground was made of polythene terephthalate, which was painted with six matt color sprays: red, coffee, ocher, yellow, ivory, and orange. Five fragments of house dust on the object lens and the two lenses were photographed under each artificial eye. The RGB color space, measured by Paint Shop Pro from pictures, was changed into seven types of color spaces: XYZ, CMY, HSL, HSV, HSI, L*a*b*, and L*u*v*. The L*u*v* color space was the optimal one as it demonstrated the highest sensitivity and the best reproducibility. This result demonstrated that this color space could distinguish small hemorrhages from dust artifacts. Next, we analyzed the L*u*v* color space and compared the following three types of house dust positions: “on an object lens,” “on a photographic optical system,” and “on an illumination optical system.” The house dust position “on an object lens” had the highest sensitivity and the best reproducibility. However, the positions “on a photographic optical system” and “on an illumination optical system” had high sensitivity and good reproducibility only under certain conditions. In addition, no differences were found among the six types of fundus colors.
VL  - 1
IS  - 1
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Naoto Suzuki

Dept. of Medical Science and Technology, Hiroshima International University, Higashi-hiroshima, Japan

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Naoto Suzuki. (2013). Determination of the Optimal Color Space from Eight Types of Color Spaces for Distinguishing Small Retinal Hemorrhages from Dust Artifacts. International Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering, 1(1), 10-19. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijbse.20130101.12

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Naoto Suzuki. Determination of the Optimal Color Space from Eight Types of Color Spaces for Distinguishing Small Retinal Hemorrhages from Dust Artifacts. Int. J. Biomed. Sci. Eng. 2013, 1(1), 10-19. doi: 10.11648/j.ijbse.20130101.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Naoto Suzuki. Determination of the Optimal Color Space from Eight Types of Color Spaces for Distinguishing Small Retinal Hemorrhages from Dust Artifacts. Int J Biomed Sci Eng. 2013;1(1):10-19. doi: 10.11648/j.ijbse.20130101.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijbse.20130101.12,
  author = {Naoto Suzuki},
  title = {Determination of the Optimal Color Space from Eight Types of Color Spaces for Distinguishing Small Retinal Hemorrhages from Dust Artifacts},
  journal = {International Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering},
  volume = {1},
  number = {1},
  pages = {10-19},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijbse.20130101.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijbse.20130101.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijbse.20130101.12},
  abstract = {To determine the optimal color space from eight types of color spaces for distinguishing small retinal hemorrhages from dust artifacts in cases of early diabetic retinopathy. We constructed an experimental device, which comprised an illumination optical system and a photographic optical system separated by a mirror having a hole. This device included a canon EOS 50D camera, an EF 50 mm f/1.8–2 camera lens, a Speedlite 270EX flash, an object lens, four double-convex lenses, three aperture stops, and six artificial eyes. The hemispherical eye ground was made of polythene terephthalate, which was painted with six matt color sprays: red, coffee, ocher, yellow, ivory, and orange. Five fragments of house dust on the object lens and the two lenses were photographed under each artificial eye. The RGB color space, measured by Paint Shop Pro from pictures, was changed into seven types of color spaces: XYZ, CMY, HSL, HSV, HSI, L*a*b*, and L*u*v*. The L*u*v* color space was the optimal one as it demonstrated the highest sensitivity and the best reproducibility. This result demonstrated that this color space could distinguish small hemorrhages from dust artifacts. Next, we analyzed the L*u*v* color space and compared the following three types of house dust positions: “on an object lens,” “on a photographic optical system,” and “on an illumination optical system.” The house dust position “on an object lens” had the highest sensitivity and the best reproducibility. However, the positions “on a photographic optical system” and “on an illumination optical system” had high sensitivity and good reproducibility only under certain conditions. In addition, no differences were found among the six types of fundus colors.},
 year = {2013}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Determination of the Optimal Color Space from Eight Types of Color Spaces for Distinguishing Small Retinal Hemorrhages from Dust Artifacts
AU  - Naoto Suzuki
Y1  - 2013/08/10
PY  - 2013
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijbse.20130101.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijbse.20130101.12
T2  - International Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering
JF  - International Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering
JO  - International Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering
SP  - 10
EP  - 19
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2376-7235
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijbse.20130101.12
AB  - To determine the optimal color space from eight types of color spaces for distinguishing small retinal hemorrhages from dust artifacts in cases of early diabetic retinopathy. We constructed an experimental device, which comprised an illumination optical system and a photographic optical system separated by a mirror having a hole. This device included a canon EOS 50D camera, an EF 50 mm f/1.8–2 camera lens, a Speedlite 270EX flash, an object lens, four double-convex lenses, three aperture stops, and six artificial eyes. The hemispherical eye ground was made of polythene terephthalate, which was painted with six matt color sprays: red, coffee, ocher, yellow, ivory, and orange. Five fragments of house dust on the object lens and the two lenses were photographed under each artificial eye. The RGB color space, measured by Paint Shop Pro from pictures, was changed into seven types of color spaces: XYZ, CMY, HSL, HSV, HSI, L*a*b*, and L*u*v*. The L*u*v* color space was the optimal one as it demonstrated the highest sensitivity and the best reproducibility. This result demonstrated that this color space could distinguish small hemorrhages from dust artifacts. Next, we analyzed the L*u*v* color space and compared the following three types of house dust positions: “on an object lens,” “on a photographic optical system,” and “on an illumination optical system.” The house dust position “on an object lens” had the highest sensitivity and the best reproducibility. However, the positions “on a photographic optical system” and “on an illumination optical system” had high sensitivity and good reproducibility only under certain conditions. In addition, no differences were found among the six types of fundus colors.
VL  - 1
IS  - 1
ER  -

Copy | Download