Effects of Water Pipe Leaks on Water Quality and on Non-Revenue Water: Case of Arusha Municipality

Josephat Alexander Saria

doi:doi:10.11648/j.wros.20150406.12

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Effects of Water Pipe Leaks on Water Quality and on Non-Revenue Water: Case of Arusha Municipality

Josephat Alexander Saria

Published in Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science (Volume 4, Issue 6)

Received: 30 October 2015 Accepted: 9 November 2015 Published: 24 November 2015

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Abstract

Utilities can no longer tolerate inefficiencies in water distribution systems and the resulting loss of revenue associated with underground water system leakage. Increases in pumping, treatment and operational costs make these losses prohibitive. Chronic water losses have been the hallmark of Tanzania especially AUWSA water management over the decades. The aim of this research was to assess effects of water pipe leaks on water quality and on non revenue water. Out of 140 respondents it was found out that unauthorized connections (illegal and by pass) account to 24%, while 30% of respondents identified leakages from water system (transmission mains, distribution mains, utility’s reservoirs, service connections); 16% due to stopped/malfunctions water meters (Bulk and customer water meters), whilst 14% respondents enumerated that is caused by other reasons like corruption and bribery among meter readers. The combination of both leakage and low pressure is a source of contamination of pipe water because it allows contaminants to siphon into the water system hence bacterial contamination (TC averaged to 67.5 CFU/100ml and FC averaged to 4.0 CFU/100ml while pH range from 6.5 – 7.7 ). Community awareness programmes about NRW to all consumers must be conducted to ensure that customer confidence in the utility‘s services is maintained. A key element in this is open communication like public should be able to easily contact the utility to report burst pipes, leakages, or other concerns.

Published in	Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science (Volume 4, Issue 6)
DOI	10.11648/j.wros.20150406.12
Page(s)	86-91
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2015. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Non Revenue Water, EWURA, Faecal Coliform, AUWSA, Arusha

References

[1]	United Nations (2003), The UN World Water Development Report - Water for People, UNESCO and Berghan Books, Barcelona.
[2]	WHO (2003), The Global Water Supply and Sani4tation Assessment 2000 [http://www.who.int/docstore/water_sanitation_health/Globassessment/GlobalTOC.htm], (accessed on 04/08/14).
[3]	Thompson, J.; Porras, I.T.; Wood, E.; Tumewine, J.K.; Mujiwahuzi, M.R.; Katui -Katua, M. And Johnstone, N. (2000), Waiting at the Tap: Changes in Urban Water use in East Africa Over Three Decades, Environment and Urbanization, 12(2) 37-52.
[4]	Mukoyogo, S. M. (1987), Planning and Budgeting for O&M of Rural Water Supplies, Seminar, Regional and District Water Committees.
[5]	URT (2012), National Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Finance, Tanzania in Figures, htt/www.nbs.go.tz.
[6]	Farley, M. and Trow, S. (2003), Losses in Water Distribution Networks, IWA Publishing.
[7]	URT (2013a), EWURA, Water Review Report 2012/13.
[8]	URT (2013b), Arusha Urban Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (AUWSA) (2013), Status of Water Supply and Waste Water Disposal Services in Arusha City, Arusha, Tanzania.
[9]	Lambert, A. (2001), What do we know about Pressure: Leakage Relationships in Water Distribution Systems? IWA Conference System Approach to Leakage Control and Water Distribution Systems Management, Brno, Czech Republic.
[10]	APHA, (2005), Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 18th Ed., American Public Health Association (APHA), American Water Works Association (AWWA) and Water Pollution Control Federation (WPCF), Washington, D.C.
[11]	Farley M., Wyeth G., Ghazali Z.B.M., Istandar A., and Signh S. (2008), The Manager’s Non-Revenue Water Handbook, A Guide to Understanding Water Losses.
[12]	AUWSA (2013), Non Revenue Water Management Project for AUWSA - Arusha Urban Water Supply and Sewerage Authority.
[13]	Thornton, J., Shaw, M., Aguiar, M. and Liemberger, R. (2005), “How Low Can You Go? A Practical Approach to Pressure Control in Low Pressure Systems,” Conference Proceedings, IWA Leakage 2005 Conference in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
[14]	Kingdom, B., Liemberger, R. and Marin, P. (2006), The Challenge of Reducing Non-Revenue Water in Developing Countries—How the Private Sector Can Help: A Look at Performance-Based Service Contracting, World Bank, Paper No. 8, Dec 2006.

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APA Style

Josephat Alexander Saria. (2015). Effects of Water Pipe Leaks on Water Quality and on Non-Revenue Water: Case of Arusha Municipality. Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science, 4(6), 86-91. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20150406.12

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ACS Style

Josephat Alexander Saria. Effects of Water Pipe Leaks on Water Quality and on Non-Revenue Water: Case of Arusha Municipality. J. Water Resour. Ocean Sci. 2015, 4(6), 86-91. doi: 10.11648/j.wros.20150406.12

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AMA Style

Josephat Alexander Saria. Effects of Water Pipe Leaks on Water Quality and on Non-Revenue Water: Case of Arusha Municipality. J Water Resour Ocean Sci. 2015;4(6):86-91. doi: 10.11648/j.wros.20150406.12

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@article{10.11648/j.wros.20150406.12,
  author = {Josephat Alexander Saria},
  title = {Effects of Water Pipe Leaks on Water Quality and on Non-Revenue Water: Case of Arusha Municipality},
  journal = {Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science},
  volume = {4},
  number = {6},
  pages = {86-91},
  doi = {10.11648/j.wros.20150406.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20150406.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.wros.20150406.12},
  abstract = {Utilities can no longer tolerate inefficiencies in water distribution systems and the resulting loss of revenue associated with underground water system leakage. Increases in pumping, treatment and operational costs make these losses prohibitive. Chronic water losses have been the hallmark of Tanzania especially AUWSA water management over the decades. The aim of this research was to assess effects of water pipe leaks on water quality and on non revenue water. Out of 140 respondents it was found out that unauthorized connections (illegal and by pass) account to 24%, while 30% of respondents identified leakages from water system (transmission mains, distribution mains, utility’s reservoirs, service connections); 16% due to stopped/malfunctions water meters (Bulk and customer water meters), whilst 14% respondents enumerated that is caused by other reasons like corruption and bribery among meter readers. The combination of both leakage and low pressure is a source of contamination of pipe water because it allows contaminants to siphon into the water system hence bacterial contamination (TC averaged to 67.5 CFU/100ml and FC averaged to 4.0 CFU/100ml while pH range from 6.5 – 7.7 ). Community awareness programmes about NRW to all consumers must be conducted to ensure that customer confidence in the utility‘s services is maintained. A key element in this is open communication like public should be able to easily contact the utility to report burst pipes, leakages, or other concerns.},
 year = {2015}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Effects of Water Pipe Leaks on Water Quality and on Non-Revenue Water: Case of Arusha Municipality
AU  - Josephat Alexander Saria
Y1  - 2015/11/24
PY  - 2015
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20150406.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.wros.20150406.12
T2  - Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science
JF  - Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science
JO  - Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science
SP  - 86
EP  - 91
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-7993
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20150406.12
AB  - Utilities can no longer tolerate inefficiencies in water distribution systems and the resulting loss of revenue associated with underground water system leakage. Increases in pumping, treatment and operational costs make these losses prohibitive. Chronic water losses have been the hallmark of Tanzania especially AUWSA water management over the decades. The aim of this research was to assess effects of water pipe leaks on water quality and on non revenue water. Out of 140 respondents it was found out that unauthorized connections (illegal and by pass) account to 24%, while 30% of respondents identified leakages from water system (transmission mains, distribution mains, utility’s reservoirs, service connections); 16% due to stopped/malfunctions water meters (Bulk and customer water meters), whilst 14% respondents enumerated that is caused by other reasons like corruption and bribery among meter readers. The combination of both leakage and low pressure is a source of contamination of pipe water because it allows contaminants to siphon into the water system hence bacterial contamination (TC averaged to 67.5 CFU/100ml and FC averaged to 4.0 CFU/100ml while pH range from 6.5 – 7.7 ). Community awareness programmes about NRW to all consumers must be conducted to ensure that customer confidence in the utility‘s services is maintained. A key element in this is open communication like public should be able to easily contact the utility to report burst pipes, leakages, or other concerns.
VL  - 4
IS  - 6
ER  -

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Author Information

Josephat Alexander Saria

The Faculty of Science, Technology and Environmental Studies, The Open University of Tanzania, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

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Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Josephat Alexander Saria. (2015). Effects of Water Pipe Leaks on Water Quality and on Non-Revenue Water: Case of Arusha Municipality. Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science, 4(6), 86-91. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20150406.12

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ACS Style

Josephat Alexander Saria. Effects of Water Pipe Leaks on Water Quality and on Non-Revenue Water: Case of Arusha Municipality. J. Water Resour. Ocean Sci. 2015, 4(6), 86-91. doi: 10.11648/j.wros.20150406.12

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AMA Style

Josephat Alexander Saria. Effects of Water Pipe Leaks on Water Quality and on Non-Revenue Water: Case of Arusha Municipality. J Water Resour Ocean Sci. 2015;4(6):86-91. doi: 10.11648/j.wros.20150406.12

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@article{10.11648/j.wros.20150406.12,
  author = {Josephat Alexander Saria},
  title = {Effects of Water Pipe Leaks on Water Quality and on Non-Revenue Water: Case of Arusha Municipality},
  journal = {Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science},
  volume = {4},
  number = {6},
  pages = {86-91},
  doi = {10.11648/j.wros.20150406.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20150406.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.wros.20150406.12},
  abstract = {Utilities can no longer tolerate inefficiencies in water distribution systems and the resulting loss of revenue associated with underground water system leakage. Increases in pumping, treatment and operational costs make these losses prohibitive. Chronic water losses have been the hallmark of Tanzania especially AUWSA water management over the decades. The aim of this research was to assess effects of water pipe leaks on water quality and on non revenue water. Out of 140 respondents it was found out that unauthorized connections (illegal and by pass) account to 24%, while 30% of respondents identified leakages from water system (transmission mains, distribution mains, utility’s reservoirs, service connections); 16% due to stopped/malfunctions water meters (Bulk and customer water meters), whilst 14% respondents enumerated that is caused by other reasons like corruption and bribery among meter readers. The combination of both leakage and low pressure is a source of contamination of pipe water because it allows contaminants to siphon into the water system hence bacterial contamination (TC averaged to 67.5 CFU/100ml and FC averaged to 4.0 CFU/100ml while pH range from 6.5 – 7.7 ). Community awareness programmes about NRW to all consumers must be conducted to ensure that customer confidence in the utility‘s services is maintained. A key element in this is open communication like public should be able to easily contact the utility to report burst pipes, leakages, or other concerns.},
 year = {2015}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Effects of Water Pipe Leaks on Water Quality and on Non-Revenue Water: Case of Arusha Municipality
AU  - Josephat Alexander Saria
Y1  - 2015/11/24
PY  - 2015
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20150406.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.wros.20150406.12
T2  - Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science
JF  - Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science
JO  - Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science
SP  - 86
EP  - 91
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-7993
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20150406.12
AB  - Utilities can no longer tolerate inefficiencies in water distribution systems and the resulting loss of revenue associated with underground water system leakage. Increases in pumping, treatment and operational costs make these losses prohibitive. Chronic water losses have been the hallmark of Tanzania especially AUWSA water management over the decades. The aim of this research was to assess effects of water pipe leaks on water quality and on non revenue water. Out of 140 respondents it was found out that unauthorized connections (illegal and by pass) account to 24%, while 30% of respondents identified leakages from water system (transmission mains, distribution mains, utility’s reservoirs, service connections); 16% due to stopped/malfunctions water meters (Bulk and customer water meters), whilst 14% respondents enumerated that is caused by other reasons like corruption and bribery among meter readers. The combination of both leakage and low pressure is a source of contamination of pipe water because it allows contaminants to siphon into the water system hence bacterial contamination (TC averaged to 67.5 CFU/100ml and FC averaged to 4.0 CFU/100ml while pH range from 6.5 – 7.7 ). Community awareness programmes about NRW to all consumers must be conducted to ensure that customer confidence in the utility‘s services is maintained. A key element in this is open communication like public should be able to easily contact the utility to report burst pipes, leakages, or other concerns.
VL  - 4
IS  - 6
ER  -

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